Thematic
Neurobiology 2012/13, 2nd semester
Name of the department: Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology
Subject: Neurobiology (contact hours given by the Department)
Year, semester: 2nd year, 2nd semester
Classes/semester: 10
Number of lessons:
lecture: 33
seminar: 17
practical: 17
Topics:
1st week
Lecture: . 1/1 The histology of the nervous system I. The neuron.
1/2 The histology of the nervous system II. The neuroglia. Relations of neurons and neuroglial cells.
1/3 The development of the nervous system – neurohistogenesis. Parts of the nervous system.
1/4 The development and structure of the spinal cord.
Practicum and seminar:
Anatomy:
a. Dissection of the brain: part one. Dissection of the brain: demonstration of the cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles. Flechsig's cut. Demonstration of the cerebral blood vessels and cisterns. Main steps in the dissection: removing of the membranes is followed by surface demonstration. At the right hemisphere a horizontal section is to be made at the level of corpus callosum. The position of the lateral ventricle can be felt on this side. First the central portion of the lateral ventricle, then its frontal and occipital horns are to be opened. After removing the operculum, the insula and the superior temporal gyrus become visible. Establish the position of the temporal horn with the aid of a probe then open the horn. On the left hemisphere the so-called Flechsig's section is made to explore the basal ganglia. Remove the trunk of the corpus callosum, cut and fold back the fornix. Demonstration of the tela choroidea of the 3rd ventricle.
b. Dissection of the brain: part two. The third ventricle, diencephalon. Midsagittal section of the brain. Explore the brainstem by removing the remaining parts of the hemisphere. Demonstration of the midbrain. In order to explore the cerebellar nuclei, a section is made directed from the superior cerebellar peduncle to the ventral surface of the cerebellum. Cut out a wedge-shaped part of the cerebellum for the observation of the 4th ventricle. Make a schematic drawing of the floor of the 4th ventricle. Demonstration of the pons and the medulla.
Histology: Nervous tissue
1. Peripheral nerve (HE stain)
2. Peripheral nerve (OsO4 + H stain)
3. Spinal ganglion (HE stain)
4. Sympathetic ganglion (Bielschowsky's silver method)
5. Neuroglia: Astrocyte from cerebral cortex and medulla (Cajal's gold method)
2nd week
Lecture: 2/1 The development and structure of the spinal cord and brain stem II. The fourth ventricle
2/2 The development and structure of the diencephalon. The third ventricle.
2/3 The development and structure of the telencephalon.. The lateral ventricles.
2/4 The structure of the cerebral cortex.
Practicum and seminar:
Anatomy:
a. Dissection of the brain - part three. Gross anatomy of the brain stem and its structures. Cranial nerve nuclei. Attachment of cranial nerves to the brain. Sturcture of the brainstem - discussion.
b. Dissection of the spinal cord. Opening of the vertebral canal on a separate torso. Gross anatomy of the spinal cord and its structure - discussion.
Scalp. Meninges. Blood supply of the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid. Opening of the cranial cavity. Structure of the scalp and vault, meninges. Demonstration: blood supply of the brain. Discussion of the flow of the cerebrospinal fluid.
Histology: Spinal cord
1. Spinal cord (HE stain)
2. Spinal cord (Bielschowsky's silver method)
3. Spinal cord (Golgi impregnation)
4. Demonstration:
b. Frog spinal cord labelled with cobalt lysine
1. dorsal root filling
2. ventral root filling
3. intracellular labelling
3rd week
Lecture: 3/1 The structure of the cerebellum.
3/2 The structure and pathways of the medulla oblongata.
3/3 The structure and pathways of the pons and mesencephalon.
3/4 The meninges. Blood circulation and cerebrospinal fluid.
Practicum and seminar:
Anatomy:
a. Dissection of the brain - part four. Dissection on in situ brain. Follow the instructions given at the dissection of the excised brain.
b. Dissection of the brain - part five. Preparation of the brainstem in situ. Cranial and dural exits of the cranial nerves.
Histology: Structure of the cerebellar and cerebral cortex.
l. Cerebellum (HE stain)
2. Cerebellum (AgNO3 impregnation according to Bielschowsky)
3. Cerebellum (Golgi impregnation)
4. Cerebrum (Nissl stain)
5. Cerebrum (Golgi impregnation)
4th week
Lecture: 4/1 The anatomy of the eye. The muscles of the eyeball, conjunctiva, eyelids, lacrimal apparatus. The oculomotor system
4/2 The structure of the retina.
4/3 The visual pathway.
4/4 The gross anatomy of the middle ear and the inner ear.
Practicum and seminar:
Anatomy:
a. Dissection of the brain - part six. Conclusion of brain dissections. Structures of the cranial base. Venous sinuses of the dura mater. Cranial exits of the cranial nerves.
Review of cranial nerves (n. V)
b. Dissection of the brain - part seven. Coronal sections of the brain.
Review of cranial nerves (n. VII)
Histology: Sense organs: part one
l. Eye (HE)
2. Eyelid (HE)
4. Lacrimal gland (HE)
5th week
Lecture: 5/1 The vestibular system.
5/2 The acoustic system.
5/3 The taste and olfactory systems
Practicum and seminar:
Anatomy:
a. Dissection of the brain - part eight. General review.
Review of cranial nerves (n. IX, X, XI, XII)
b. Dissection of the visual organs. Dissection of the eye and orbital structures. Review of the visual system and the control of eye movements
Dissection of the middle and inner ear. Review of the vestibular and auditory systems
Histology: Sense organs: part three.
1. Inner ear (HE)
6th week
Practicum and seminar:
Anatomy:
a. SELF CONTROL
b. SELF CONTROL
Histology: SELF CONTROL
7th week
Lecture: Axonal transport, degeneration, regeneration.
Signal transduction in the nervous system. Synaptic and non-synaptic neurotransmission.
Interneuronal synapses. Ultrastructure and molecular architecture.
Practicum and seminar:
Lecture: 7/6 Signal transduction in the nervous system. Synaptic and non-synaptic neurotransmission.
7/7 Interneuronal synapses. Ultrastructure and molecular architecture.
7/8 Axonal transport, degeneration, regeneration.
Anatomy:
a. SELF CONTROL (Remedial)
b.
Histology: SELF CONTROL (Remedial)
8th week
Lecture: 8/1 Receptors. Primary afferents. Sensory functions of the spinal cord.
8/2 The somatosensory system.
8/3 The viscerosensory system.
9th week
10th week
SELF CONTROL (written)
11th week
Lecture: 11/5 Somatomotor functions of the spinal cord. The motor endplate. The motor unit. The spinal motor apparatus.
11/6 Reflex functions of the spinal cord and brain stem. Proprioceptive reflexes and nociceptive reflexes.
12th week
Lecture: 12/1 The somatomotor system. The hierarchy of the motor system. The basal ganglia and the cerebellum as parts of the somatomotor system.
12/2 The visceromotor system.
13th week
Lecture: : 13/3 The monoaminergic system.
13/4 The limbic system.
14th week
SELF CONTROL (written)
15th week
SELF CONTROL (remedial)
Compulsory reading:
D.E. Haines: Fundamental Neurosicence, 3rd edition, Churchill Livingstone, 2006, ISBN 0-443-06751-1
R.E. Snell: Clinical Neuroanatomy for Medical Students, 5th edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, ISBN 0-7817-2831-2 Ezt ki kell törölni mert vannak hibák a könyvben.
L. Komáromy: The Dissection of the Brain. A topographical and Technical Guide, MEDICINA, ISBN 963 226 050 3
K.L. Moore: Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 4th edition, Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, ISBN 0-683-06141-0
Sobotta: Atlas of Human Anatomy 1-2, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich, 1989, ISBN 3-541-72711
M.H. Ross, L.J. Romrell, G.I. Kaye: Histology. A text and Atlas, 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN 0-7817-5056-3
T.W. Sadler: Langman's Medical Embryology, 10th edition, Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, 2006, ISBN 0-7817-9485-4