Thematic
Name of the department: Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology
Subject: Anatomy, histology and embryology
Year, semester: 1st year, 2nd semester
Classes/semester: 10
Number of lessons:
lecture: 29
seminar: 45
practical: 45
Topics:
1st week
Lecture: General introduction
Epithelial tissue: covering and lining epithelia
Practicum and seminar:
Anatomy: Anatomical terminology. Bones and joints of the upper limb.
a. Anatomical terminology. Terms of positions and directions. Bones of the upper limb. Make schematic drawings of the bones: show the characteristic features! Reconstruction of the carpus from individual bones.
b. Joints of the upper limb. Please pay special attention to the following issues: Classification of the articular surface according to the shape. Note the presence of disci and menisci. Describe the joint capsule, extracapsular and intraarticular ligaments, bursal cavities and other accessory parts of the joint. - Classification of synovial joints. Freedom, axes and planes of movements at synovial joints. Correlation between the shape of the articular surface and the freedom of movements. Function of individual joints: their contribution to the action of the upper limb.
Histology: Introduction to microscopy and basic histological methods.
Introduction to histological methods. The microscope and the resolution. Using the virtual microscope: Case Center and Panoramic Viewer. The evaluation and interpretation of histological sections. Always keep in mind: What you can see in the microscope is a thin (almost 2-dimensional) section of a 3-dimensional object.
1. Small intestine (HE)
2nd week
Lecture: Osteology and arthrology - introduction
The muscular system - general introduction. Innervation of the muscles.
Practicum and seminar:
Anatomy: Dissection of the upper limb: parts one and two
a. Dissection of the upper limb: part one. Surface anatomy of the upper limb. Mark the surface projections of superficial veins and cutaneous nerves on the cadaver, show the sites where the fascia is pierced by superficial veins and nerves. Projections and landmarks of the deep elements. Lymph nodes and lymphatic drainage of the upper limb. Places of the intravenous injections. Palpate the pulse on the upper limb. Transmit these markings to the scheme of the upper limb provided in your anatomy schedule handout.
Incise the skin from the deltoideopectoral sulcus to the wrist and fold it laterally. Peel off the skin of the hand separately and fold it into the distal direction. Dissection of the infraclavicular region: incise the skin along the clavicle and fold it downward!
b. Dissection of the volar side of the upper limb. Axillary fossa, medial and lateral bicipital sulci, cubital fossa, palmar region. The dissection of the latter region can be commenced after finishing the preparation of the infraclavicular region.
Show clearly the origin and insertion of muscles. Remove all fasciae.
Histology: Epithelial tissues: simple covering and lining epithelia
1. Mesothelium (mesentery, Silver impregnation)
2. Endothelium (small intestine, HE stain)
3. Simple squamous epithelium, simple cuboidal epithelium (kidney, HE stain)
4. Simple columnar epithelium with microvilli (small intestine, HE stain)
5. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium ciliated (trachea, HE stain)
6. Demonstration: movement of cilia (video)
Make schematic drawings of the epithelial tissues. Identify epithelial tissues on the basis of the distribution and form of nuclei at low-power magnification.
3rd week
Lecture: Glandular epithelium
Connective tissue - part one
Practicum and seminar:
Anatomy: Dissection of the upper limb: parts three and four
a. Arteries, veins and nerves on the volar side of the upper limb. Dissection of the deep structures. Continue the dissection of the medial and lateral bicipital sulci, the axillary region, cubital fossa, carpal canal, synovial sheaths of the flexor digitorum. Spare the flexor retinaculum. Dissect the nerves and blood vessels on one of the fingers. Dissection of the superficial and deep palmar arches. Show clearly the origin and insertion of muscles.
b. Dorsal side of the upper limb. Peel off the skin of the dorsal surface and fold it proximally and then medially towards the thorax. Peel off the skin of the dorsal surface of the hand and fold it into the distal direction. Muscles of the shoulder.
Histology: Stratified epithelial tissues.
l. Stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium (esophagus, HE stain)
2. Stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium (skin, HE stain)
3. Stratified columnar epithelium (urethra masculina, HE stain)
4. Transitional epithelium: urothelium (ureter, HE stain)
4th week
Lecture: Connective tissue - part two
Clinical anatomy of the upper limb.
Practicum and seminar:
Anatomy: Dissection of the upper limb: parts five and six.
a. Dorsal side of the upper limb: deep structures. The osteo-fibrous tunnels deep to the extensor retinaculum. Action of individual muscles and muscle groups of the upper limb. Nerve supply of muscles. Cardinal symptoms of injuries to nerve trunks: paralysis of different muscle groups.
b. Completion of the dissection of the upper limb.
Histology: Glandular epithelium, pigment epithelium
l. Sebaceous, sweat and apocrine glands (axillary skin, HE stain)
2. Serous and mucous glands (submandibular gland, HE stain)
3. Serous, mucous glands (sublingual gland, PAS+H stain)
4. Pigment epithelium (retina).
5. Pigment containing cells (skin, methyl-blue)
(Classification of exocrine glands, mechanism of secretion and their microscopical features, the chemical character of the secretory product. Localization of different types of glands in various organs. The chemical nature of the secretory products.)
5th week
Lecture: Connective tissue - part three
Adipose tissue. Cartilage
Practicum and seminar:
Anatomy: SELF CONTROL: Upper limb.
a. SELF CONTROL: The upper limb. (Bones, joints, muscles, blood vessels and nerves)
b. SELF CONTROL - REMEDIAL: The upper limb. (Bones, joints, muscles, blood vessels and nerves).
Histology: Cells of the connective tissue:
l. Mesenchyma (umbilical cord, HE stain)
2. Fibroblasts (granular tissue, HE stain)
3. Mast cells (healing wound from rat skin, Toluidin blue stain)
4. Macrophages (Skin, Trypanblue - nuclear fast red stain)
5. Demonstration: l. Plasma cells (lymph node, HE stain)
2. Fibroblasts (tissue culture, H stain)
6th week
Lecture: Histology of bone
Development and growth of the bone
Practicum and seminar:
Anatomy: Bones of the lower limb. The structure of the pelvis.
a. Bones of the pelvic girdle: hip bone, sacrum. Joints, ligaments and walls of the pelvis. Statics of the pelvis. Make schematic drawings!
b. Bones of the lower limb. Make schematic drawings of the bones!
Histology: Fibers of the connective tissue:
1. Collagen fibers (large intestine, HE stain)
2. Collagen fibers (large intestine, Azan stain)
3. Elastic fibers (aorta, orcein stain)
4. Reticular fibers (liver, silver impregnation)
5. Collagen and elastic fibers (spermatic cord, Van Gieson and resorcin-fuchsin)
Make distinction between collagen and elastic fibers!
Fine structure of collagen fibers.
7th week
Lecture: Muscular tissue - part one
Muscular tissue - part two
Practicum and seminar:
Anatomy: Joints of the lower limb. Dissection of the lower limb: part one.
a. Joints of the lower limb. Follow the instruction that was given at the upper limb.
b. Surface anatomy of the lower limb. Mark the surface projections of the following structures on the cadaver: cutaneous nerves, superficial veins. Projections of the deep structures: femoral artery, popliteal artery, anterior and posterior tibial arteries, arteries of the sole and dorsum of the foot, femoral and ischiadic nerves. Femoral canal, femoral triangle, popliteal fossa and their structures. Lymph nodes of the lower limb. Places of the intramuscular injections. Palpate the pulse on the lower limb. The drawings from the body have to be transmitted to the scheme in your anatomy schedule.
Remove the skin from the ventral surface. Make incisions along the inguinal ligament along the midline all the way down to the level of the ankles. Fold the skin laterally in the thigh and leg, and distally in the foot.
Histology: SELF CONTROL. (Basic histological methods. Epithelial and connective tissues.)
8th week
Lecture: Spermiogenesis. Oogenesis
The structure of the foot.
Practicum and seminar:
Anatomy: Dissection of the lower limb: parts two and three.
a. Dissection of the ventral surface of the lower limb. Muscles of the ventral part of the lower limb. Hiatus subinguinalis. Adductor and femoral canal. Saphenous opening. Femoral triangle.
b. Dissection of the dorsal surface of the lower limb. Incise the skin at the level of the heel, and fold it back in the rostral direction as far as the iliac crest, and keep continuous with the skin of the back. Leave the skin covering the perineal region in position. The skin of the sole is removed at the level of the plantar aponeurosis starting from the calcaneus and is folded back at the toes. Spare the superficial nerves and blood vessels. Muscles of the dorsal surface of the lower limb.
Histology: SELF CONTROL: REMEDIAL
9th week
Lecture: Fertilization, beginning of the pregnancy
Clinical anatomy of the lower limb
Practicum and seminar:
Anatomy: Dissection of the lower limb: parts four and five.
a. Dissection of the gluteal region, popliteal fossa and the sole. Clear all fasciae from the gluteus maximus muscle before transsection. Note the relationships of the fascia of back and thigh (thoracolumbar, gluteal fascia, iliotibial tract).
b. Dissection of the dorsal surface of the lower limb. Cut the tendo calcaneus and fold back the triceps surae. Dissection of the structures at the medial malleolus. Arteries and nerves of the dorsal surface of the lower limb. Actions and movements of the muscles and joints of the lower limb. Muscle actions in different forms of joint movements. Nerve supply of muscles. Cardinal symptoms of the injuries to peripheral nerve trunk - peripheral paralysis of different muscle groups.
Histology: The adipose tissue and the cartilage.
1. Fat cells (skin, Osmium + H stain)
2. Hyaline cartilage (trachea, HE stain)
3. Elastic cartilage (epiglottis, orcein stain)
4. Fibrocartilage (knee joint, HE stain)
5. Fibrocartilage (knee joint, Azan stain)
6. Fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage (knee joint, toluidin-blue stain)
7. Intervertebral disc (HE stain)
Demonstration: White and brown adipose tissues (adrenal gland, HE)
Demonstration: White and brown adipose tissues (adrenal gland, HE)
1Oth week
Lecture: Gastrulation. The early differentiation of the mesoderm.
Histology of the blood vessels
Practicum and seminar:
Anatomy: SELF CONTROL: lower limb.
a. SELF CONTROL: lower limb (bones, joints, muscles, blood vessels, nerves).
b. SELF CONTROL _ REMEDIAL: lower limb (bones, joints, muscles, blood vessels, nerves).
Histology: Histology and development of the bone.
l. Cross section of compact bone (Schmorl stain).
2. Longitudinal section of compact bone (Schmorl stain).
3. Intramembranous ossification (skull of a rat, HE stain)
4. Enchondral ossification and the epiphysial plate. (rabbit knee joint, HE stain)
5. Enchondral ossification and the epiphysial plate. (rabbit knee joint, Azan stain)
6. Enchondral ossification and the epiphysial plate. (rabbit knee joint, toluidin-blue stain)
11th week
Lecture: The differentiation of the ectoderm and mesoderm
Blood
Practicum and seminar:
Anatomy: Bones and joints of the thoracic cage and vertebral column. The muscles of the back.
a. Bones and joints of the thorax
b. The structure of the thorax and vertebral column. Movements of the thoracic cage. Muscles of the back. Structure of the posterior abdominal wall. Thoracolumbar fascia.
Histology: Muscle tissue
l. Striated muscle (HE stain).
2. Striated muscle (iron-H stain).
3. The smooth muscle (large intestine) HE stain.
4. The cardiac muscle (HE stain)
5. The cardiac muscle (PTAH)
Demonstration: Electron micrographs of longitudinal sections of striated muscle.
12th week
Lecture: The differentiation of the entoderm, the folding of the embryo
Bone marrow
Practicum and seminar:
Anatomy: The skull: parts one and two
a. Parts of the skull: the braincase and the facial skeleton. The bones of the braincase - overview. Main parts of the bones of the braincase. Parts of the braincase: the vault /calvaria/ and the cranial base. The structure of the braincase.
b. Recapitulation of isolated bones: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid bones. Superior view of the cranial base. Subdivisions of the internal cranial base: anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae. Parts and foraminae of the fossae. Make drawings of the fossae.
Histology: The microscopic structure of blood vessels.
l. Elastic artery (HE stain).
2. Elastic artery (orcein stain).
3. Muscular arteries and veins (HE stain)
4. Large intestine (HE stain)
5. Demonstration: Spermatic cord (Van-Gieson resorcin fuchsin stain)
13th week
Lecture: Fetal membranes. Stages of development: embryonic and fetal periods.
Twins. Developmental mechanisms
The formation of blood cells.
Practicum and seminar:
Anatomy: The skull: parts three and four
a. Inferior aspect of the skull. Vault of the skull (calvaria), sutures, fonticuli. Drawings
b. Bones of the facial skeleton including the mandible - overview Individual bones: shape, main parts. The structure of the facial skeleton.
Histology: Blood. Bone marrow.
1. Sinusoids (Hypophysis, HE stain)
2. Bone marrow (HE stain)
3. Peripheral blood smear (May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain)
4. Demonstration: Bone marrow smear (May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain) video
14th week
Lecture: Development of the skull and vertebrae
Overview of general embryology
Practicum and seminar:
Anatomy: Skull - parts five and six
a. The orbit, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses. Facies malaris.
b. The pterygopalatine fossa, temporal fossa, infratemporal fossa. The temporomandibular joint, atlantooccipital and atlantoaxial joints.
Histology: SELF CONTROL (Adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, development and growth of the bone, muscular tissue. The histology of blood vessels, blood and bone marrow.)
15th week
Lecture:
Practicum and seminar:-
Anatomy: SELF CONTROL. Bones and joints of the thoracic cage and vertebral column. The muscles of the back. Bones and joints of the skull.
a. SELF CONTROL: Bones and joints of the thoracic cage and vertebral column. The muscles of the back. Bones and joints of the skull.
b. SELF CONTROL – REMEDIAL: Bones and joints of the thoracic cage and vertebral column. The muscles of the back. Bones and joints of the skull.
Histology:
SELF CONTROL: Remedial (histology)
SELF CONTROL. Embryonic development.
Compulsory reading:
K.L. Moore and A.F. Dalley: Clinically Oriented Anatomy
6th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN 978-1-60547-652-0
Sobotta: Atlas of Human Anatomy 1-2
14th ed., Urban& Schwarzenberg, Munich, ISBN: 978-0-443-10349-0
M.H. Ross, W. Pawlina: Histology. A text and Atlas
6th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN 978-0-7817-7200-6
T.W. Sadler: Langman’s Medical Embryology
12th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wikins, ISBN 978-1-4511-4461-1
Further reading:
P.W. Tank: Grant’s Dissector
15th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wikins, ISBN 978-1-45117-566-0
Requirements
Anatomy, histology and embryology
1st year, 2nd semester
Concerning attendance, the rules written in the Regulations Governing Admission, Education and Examinations of the University are valid. The attendance on the seminars and practices and at least 30% of the lectures is compulsory. The presence in practices and seminars will be recorded. The head of the department may refuse to accept the academic performance if a student is absent more than twice from practices and seminars (including anatomy, histology and embryology) in one semester even if he/she has an acceptable reason. Compensation of practices and seminars is possible only on the same week at another student’s group. The compensation of three practices and/or seminars is allowed (including anatomy, histology and embryology) in one semester.
Rules of examinations:
Midterm examinations;
The dates and topics of the midterm examinations are indicated in the English program Bulletin. The exams cover the topics of lectures, seminars and practices of the semester and include relevant material from official textbooks.
The midterm exams will be evaluated with points.
Improvement of a failed midterm examination:
Failed midterm examinations can be improved if the score of the failed midterm examination is between 40 and 59 %. With this restriction the following midterm examinations can be improved:
1. All three anatomy midterm examination; on the second practical of the week of the self control.
2. Both histology midterm examinations; on the histology practical at the consecutive week.
Five grade evaluation of the overall academic performance of the student at the end of the semester:
At the end of the semester the overall academic performance (OAP) of the students will be evaluated with a five grade mark (OAP mark) on the basis of the following rules:
The performance of the students on the midterm examinations from anatomy, histology and embryology will be evaluated separately on each self control. To obtain a pass or better OAP mark the student has to collect at least 60% of the total score from each anatomy, histology and embryology self controls. If the student does not reach the 60% limit from all parts the OAP mark is fail (1). If the midterm performance of the student is at least 60% from all parts, the scores of the three parts (anatomy, histology, embryology; max. 100% each) will be added and the OAP mark will be calculated on the basis of the following rules:
Overall performance Mark
on the midterm exams
360 – 419 % 2 (pass)
420 – 479 % 3 (satisfactory)
480 – 539 % 4 (good)
540 – 600 % 5 (excellent)
End-semester exam at the end of the 2nd semesters
The end-semester exam is an oral exam in anatomy and written in histology and embryology, that covers the topics of lectures, seminars and practices of the semester.
Those students who have got a pass (2) or better OAP mark may ask the department to accept it as a mark for the end-semester exam. Those students who have got a fail (1) OAP mark have to sit for the end-semester exam, but the student will be examined only from those parts from which he/she did not reach the 60% limit on the midterm examinations. The first exam is an “A” chance exam.
The end-semester oral examination at the end of the 2nd semester consists of the following parts:
Oral part.
Anatomy. 3 preparations - a. upper limb
b. lower limb
c. back - skull
Written part
Embryology
Histology I.: microtechnic, epithelial tissue, connective tissue
Histology II.: adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, bone formation muscle tissue, blood vessels, red bone
marrow, blood)
If the student, on the basis of his/her performance on the midterm examinations, earn an exemption (collecting at least 60% of the total score) from one or two parts of the end-semester exam, the results of the midterm examinations will be converted into partial end-semester marks in the following way:
Overall performance Mark
on the midterm exams
60 - 69% 2 (pass)
70 - 79% 3 (satisfactory)
80 - 89% 4 (good)
90 - 100% 5 (excellent)
Registration and postponement: Through the NEPTUN system.