ANATOMY, HISTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY
DENTISTRY


Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology
Subject: ANATOMY, HISTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY Year, Semester: 2nd year/1st semester Number of teaching hours:
Lecture: 20
Seminar: 60
Practical: 60
1st week:
Lecture: Topographical anatomy of the head and neck - part one. Topographical anatomy of the head and neck- part two. Topographical anatomy of the oral and nasal cavities. Anatomy, histology and development of the teeth.
Seminar: See: practical
Practical: Anatomy: Topographical anatomy of the head and neck I-II. a. Anatomy of the teeth. Repetition of skull, temporomandibular joint, atlantooccipital and atlantoaxial joints. b. Topographical anatomy of the head and neck: part one. Surface anatomy: Draw the surface projections and landmarks of the following structures on the cadaver: Head: cutaneous branches of the trigeminal nerve. Branches of the facial nerve on the face and neck. Facial, superficial temporal and external carotid arteries. Retromandibular vein. Parotid gland and parotid duct. Lymph nodes and lymphatic drainage of head. Neck: Triangles of the neck. Superficial veins (ext. jugular vein). Cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus. Position of the hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, thyroid gland. The carotid sheath (vagina vasorum) and its structures. The site of cricothyrotomy. Surface projection of the apex of the lungs. Relations of the scalene muscles. Lymphatic drainage of the neck. Make schematic drawings of these structures! Incise the skin in the midline and peel off laterally. The incision of the facial skin has to be made from the medial part of the orbit down to the philtrum passing round the nose, then continued through the lower lip to the chin. At the neck region a vertical incision has to be made in the midline, from the base of the mandible to the sternum, and a transversal incision along the clavicle. The skin is to be folded laterally. Attention: Branches of the supraclavicular nerves cross the clavicle! Histology: Repetition of general histology l. Large intestine (HE stain) 2. Trachea (HE stain) 3. Esophagus (HE stain) 4. Axillary skin (HE stain) 5. Urethra masculina (HE stain) 6. Urinary bladder (HE stain) 7. Granulation tissue (healing wound from rat skin) (HE stain) 8. Knee joint (HE stain) 9. Cardiac muscle (PTAH)
10. Blood smear (May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain)
2nd week:
Lecture: Pharynx. Larynx. Development of the face, and oral and nasal cavities. Development of the pharyngeal gut.
Seminar: See: practical.
Practical: Anatomy: Topographical anatomy of the head and the neck: III-IV. Dissect the superficial structures: branches of the Vth and VIIth cranial nerves, facial artery and vein, parotid duct, cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus, superficial cervical artery, external jugular vein, triangles of the neck. Careful preparation of the muscles of face. Face: Topography of the parotid gland. Nerves and blood vessels related to the parotid gland. Remove the parotid gland only one side by careful preparation of branches of the facial nerve and blood vessels. Dissection of the frontal and temporal regions. Neck: dissection of the supraclavicular triangle. Spare the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Dissection of the submandibular triangle. Continue the dissection of the frontal, temporal and supraclavicular regions. Cut the sternocleidomastoid muscle. At the side of the intact parotid gland dissect the structures which pierce the gland. The parotid gland itself remains in position. Histology: Lip, tongue and salivary glands l. Lip (HE stain). 2. Tongue (filiform and fungiform papillae) (HE stain).
3. Tongue (circumvallate papillae) (HE stain) 4. Parotid gland (HE stain) 5. Submandibular gland (HE stain) 6. Sublingual gland (PAS + H stain)
3rd week:
Lecture: Clinical anatomy of the head and neck- part one. Clinical anatomy of the head and neck- part two. Lymphatic tissue - part one. Lymphatic tissue - part two.
Seminar: See: practical
Practical: Anatomy: Topographical anatomy of the head and the neck: V-VI. Carotid triangle and the middle part of the neck. Sulcus lateralis linguae, muscles of the floor of the mouth. Topography of the salivary glands. Dissection of the scalenotracheal fossa. Branches of the subclavian artery. Repetition of the superficial regions of the head and neck. Head: Infratemporal fossa. At the side of the removed parotid gland dissect the alveolar nerve and artery from the mandibular canal and remove that half of the mandible. Cut out the masseter, the external and internal pterygoid muscles by careful preparation of the structures between the two pterygoid muscles. Preparation of the inferior alveolar nerve, lingual nerve, chorda tympani, maxillary artery, auriculotemporal nerve, middle meningeal artery, stylohyoid, styloglossus, stylopharyngeus muscles, glossopharyngeal nerve. Remove the lateral plate of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. Find the muscles of the soft palate. Overview: blood supply and innervation of the teeth. Histology: Palate Longitudinal section of palate (HE stain) 2. Longitudinal section of palate (van Gieson stain) 3. Cross section of palate (HE stain) 4. Cross section palate (Azan stain) 5. Overview: types of mucosal membranes in oral cavity
4th week:
Lecture: Lymphatic tissue-part three. The skin. The hypothalamo-hypophyseal system. Hypophysis and epiphysis.
Seminar: See: practical
Practical: Anatomy: Topographical anatomy of the head and the neck: VII-VIII. a. Open the posterior wall of the pharynx and investigate the related structures. Study the faucial isthmus. Dissection of the larynx in situ: remove the lamina of the thyroid cartilage the one side and dissect the muscles of larynx. b. Demonstration of the median section of the head and neck. Conclusion of the dissection of the pharynx and larynx. Make a schematic drawing of the median section of the head. Demonstration of the pharynx, larynx, tongue, palatine and lingual tonsil. Make schematic drawings of these structures. Overview: blood supply and innervation of the oral cavity mucosa, tongue and larynx. Histology: Histology of teeth part one 1. Longitudinal section of demineralized tooth (HE stain)
2. Longitudinal section of demineralized tooth (Azan stain) 3. Longitudinal section of mineralized tooth (unstained) 4. Longitudinal section of mineralized tooth (Dimethylmethylene blue stain) Overview: structure of enamel, dentin, cementum
5th week:
Lecture: Thyroid, parathyroid and suprarenal glands. Heart ¬part one. Heart - part two.
Seminar: See: practical
Practical: Anatomy: Topographical anatomy of the head and the neck: IX-X. Open the posterior wall of the pharynx and investigate the related structures. Study the faucial isthmus. Dissection of the larynx in situ: remove the lamina of the thyroid cartilage the one side and dissect the muscles of larynx. Demonstration of the median section of the head and neck. Conclusion of the dissection of the pharynx and larynx. Make a schematic drawing of the median section of the head. Demonstration of the pharynx, larynx, tongue, palatine and lingual tonsil. Make schematic drawings of these structures. Overview: blood supply and innervation of the oral cavity mucosa, tongue and larynx. Histology: Histology of teeth – part two. Periodontal ligaments, alveolar bone 1. Longitudinal section of demineralized tooth (HE stain) 2. Longitudinal section of demineralized tooth (van Gieson stain) 3. Cross section of demineralized tooth with periodontal ligaments, alveolar bone (HE stain) 4. Cross section of demineralized tooth with periodontal ligaments, alveolar bone (van Gieson stain) 5. Overview: structure of periodontal ligaments, alveolar bone, pulp, gingiva. The tooth support mechanism
6th week:
Lecture: Heart - part three Development of the heart - part one Development of the heart - part two Trachea and lungs
Seminar: See: practical
Practical: Anatomy: SELF CONTROL a. SELF CONTROL: Topographical anatomy of the head and neck. Oral and nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx. b. SELF CONTROL REMEDIAL: Topographical anatomy of the head and neck. Oral and nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx. Histology: Development of the teeth 1-2. Teeth primordia in the rat's head (HE stain) 3-4. Teeth primordia in the rat's head (Azan stain) 5. Overview: Developmental mechanisms of teeth
7th week:
Lecture: Pleural sac. Development of the respiratory system Mediastinum. Esophagus Clinical anatomy of the organs of the thorax The structure of the abdominal wall.
Seminar: See: practical
Practical: Anatomy: Thoracic cavity I-II. a. Bones, joints and muscles of the thorax. Structure of the thoracic wall. Topography of the intercostal spaces. Lymphatic drainage of the breast. Diaphragm. b. Divisions of the thoracic cavity. Mediastinum. Surface projections of the thoracic organs. On the anterior thoracic wall draw the following landmarks: projection lines of the heart and its orifices, the auscultation areas of the cardiac valves, margins of the cardiovascular shadow, projections of the lungs, pleurae and pleural recesses. These drawings are to be transmitted into the body scheme provided in your anatomy schedule handout. Carefully relate the projections to the position of the sternum and ribs in the schematic drawing! Presentation of radiographs. Histology: Lymphatic tissues 1. Lymph node (HE stain) 2. Palatine tonsil (HE stain). 3. Lingual tonsil (HE stain) 4. Skin of the scalp (HE stain) 5. Demonstration: Cells of the lymph node (video), thymus (HE stain), spleen (HE stain)
8th week:
Lecture: Digestive system - introduction. Development of the primitive gut Stomach Small intestines Large intestine
Seminar: See: practical
Practical: Thoracic cavity III-IV. a. Study of the heart on isolated preparations. Size and position of the heart. Pericardium.External anatomy of the heart. Arteries and veins of the heart. Internal anatomy of the atria and the ventricles of the heart. Types, locations and functions of the heart valves. Layers of the heart wall. The conducting system. Functional aspects of the circulatory system. Pulmonary and systemic circulation. Presentation of radiographs, cardivascular silhoutte. Short overview of the development of the heart. b. Study the trachea, lungs, pleura and its recesses. Remove the lungs and inspect the surfaces, lobes and hilum. Make schematic drawings of the surfaces of the lungs. Dissect bronchopulmonary segments (in one of the lungs) and bronchial arborization (in an other lung). Summary of the development the respiratory tract. Histology: SELF CONTROL: Histology of lip, tongue, salivary glands, palate, teeth, lymphatic tissues, skin. Development of the teeth.
9th week:
Lecture: Histology of the stomach and the intetines Pancreas. Liver - part one Liver - part two. Portal system Peritoneum. Bursa omentalis
Seminar: See: practical
Practical: Anatomy: Thoracic cavity V. Abdominal cavity I a. Definition and divisions of the mediastinum. Structures of the supracardiac and posterior mediastinum. Presentation of radiographs. Clinical cases. b. Demarcate the regions of the abdominal wall and cavity and draw the surface projections of abdominal organs on the cadaver. These drawings should be introduced in the body scheme in your anatomy schedule handout. Muscles of the abdominal wall. Layers of the abdominal wall. Median abdominal and the inguinal regions, inguinal canal. Inspection and identification of the abdominal organs. Compare the surface projections on the body and in your own drawings with the actual positions of the organs. Isolated organs (stomach, small and large intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas). Presentation of radiographs. Histology: Respiratory system l. Larynx (HE stain) 2. Trachea (HE stain)
3. Lung (HE stain) 4. Demonstration: Lung, the vascular system filled with drawing ink (HE stain)
10th week:
Lecture: Development of the peritoneum and intestines Separation of the body cavities Retroperitoneum Gross anatomy of the kidneys
Seminar: See: seminar
Practical: Anatomy: Abdominal cavity II-III. a. Peritoneum, peritoneal ligaments, omental bursa. Summary of the development of digestive system and peritoneum. Inspection of isolated kidneys. b. Topography of the stomach, small and large intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, suprarenal glands. Positions of the lesser and greater omentum, omental bursa, mesentery, transverse mesocolon. Arteries (celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric artery). Portal vein. Discussion of the abdominal lymphatic system. Histology: Digestive system - part one l. Stomach (HE stain) 2. Stomach (PAS+H stain) 3. Jejunum (HE stain) 4. Colon (HE stain stain)
5. Appendix (HE stain) 6. Demonstration: Esophagus (HE stain), stomach (GEP cells: silver impregnation and immunohistochemical reaction)
11th week:
Lecture: Structure of the kidneys and urinary system Development of the urinary system Topographical anatomy of the wall of the pelvis and perineal region Male genital organs: testis and epidydimis
Seminar: See: practical
Practical: Anatomy: Abdominal cavity IV-V. a. Kidneys, suprarenal glands. Dissection of the kidney, demarcate a lobe of the kidney. Make a schematic drawing of the coronal section of a kidney. Topography and sheaths of the kidney. Layers of the retroperitoneal space. Paired visceral and parietal branches of the abdominal aorta. Inferior vena cava and its branches. Lumbar plexus. b. Repetition. Clinical cases. Histology: Digestive system - part two l. Liver from pig (HE stain) 2. Human liver (HE stain) 3. Liver from rat (Trypan blue supravital stain + Nuclear fast red stain) 4. Pancreas (HE stain)
5. Demonstration: Pancreas (GEP cells: silver impregnation and immunohistochemical reaction)
12th week:
Lecture: Ductus deferens, spermatic cord, seminal vesicle, prostate, scrotum Penis. Mechanism of erection Female genital organs: the ovary Anatomy of the uterine tube and the uterus. Broad ligament. Vagina
Seminar: See: practical
Practical: Anatomy: True pelvis and perineal region I-II. a. External genital organs - demonstration. Topography of the organs in the true pelvis (in males). Rectum, prostate. b. Topography of the organs in the true pelvis (in females). Ovary, uterine tube, uterus. Demonstration of excised preparations. Blood vessels, peritoneal relations. Broad ligament. Histology: Urogenital system- part one l. Kidney ¬coronal section (HE stain) 2. Kidney - tangential section (HE stain) 3. Kidney (Vascular infiltration with drawing ink + HE stain) 4. Demonstration: Ureter (HE stain), urinary bladder (HE stain)
13th week:
Lecture: Attachment and peritoneal relations of the uterus. Female external genital organs Structure of the uterus and uterine tube Menstrual cycle and its endocrine regulation Implantation. The pregnant uterus. Placenta - part one
Seminar: See: practical
Practical: Anatomy: True pelvis and perineal region III-IV. a. Perineal region. Structures of the anal region. Ischiorectal fossa. Urogenital region. and external genital organs. Major nerves and blood vessels. b. Inspection of organs and peritoneum after halving of the pelvis in the median plane. Make schematic drawings of the female and male pelvic organs! Placenta. Sacral plexus. Histology: The urogenital system - part two l. Testis and epididymis (HE stain) 2. Ovary (HE stain) 3. Demonstration: Prostate (Goldner's stain), ovary with corpus luteum (HE stain)
14th week:
Lecture: Placenta - part two. Fetal circulation Development of the blood vessels Development of the genital organs. Subdivision of the cloaca Sexual differentiation. Sexual anomalies of genetic and hormonal origin
Seminar: See: practical
Practical: Anatomy: True pelvis and perineal region V. SELF CONTROL a. Perineal region. Structures of the anal region. Ischiorectal fossa. Urogenital region. and external genital organs. Major nerves and blood vessels. b. SELF CONTROL: Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvis and perineal region Histology: Urogenital system - part three 1. Uterus ¬proliferative stage (HE stain) 2. Uterus - secretory stage (HE stain) 3. Placenta (HE stain) 4. Demonstration: Pregnant uterus (HE stain) 5. Overview: Fetal circulation
15th week:
Lecture: No lecture.
Seminar: See: practical
Practical: Anatomy: SELF CONTROL a. SELF CONTROL REMEDIAL: Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvis and perineal region b. Histology: SELF CONTROL: Respiratory system, digestive system, urogenital system
K.L. More: Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 4th edition. Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, 2004. ISBN: 9781-60547-652¬
0. Sobotta: Atlas of Human Anatomy I.-II.. 19th edition. Urban &Schwarzenberg, 1988. ISBN: 3-541-72721-7.
T. W. Sadler: Langman's Medical Embriology. 8th edition. Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, 2000. ISBN: 9780-7817-9069¬
7.
Ross, M.H., Romrell, L.J., Kaye, G.I.: Histology. A Text and Atlas. 5th edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006. ISBN: 0-781-75056-3.
D.J. Johnson: Anatomy for Dental Students. Oxford University Press, 1983. ISBN: 0-19-261348-0.
B.K.B. Berkovitz, G.R. Holland, B.J. Moxham: A Color Atlas and Text of Oral Anatomy. 2nd edition. Mosby-Wolfe, 1992. ISBN: 0-7234-1688-5.
Requirements
Requirements for Dental Students Anatomy, Histology and Embryology
1st
semester 2nd year Concerning attendance, the rules written in the Regulations Governing Admission, Education and Examinations of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen are valid. The presence in practices, seminars and lectures will be recorded. The head of the department may refuse to sign the Lecture Book if a student is absent more than four times from practices and seminars (including anatomy, histology and embryology) in one semester even if he/she has an acceptable reason. Compensation of practices and seminars is possible only on the same week at an other student's group. The compensation of three practices and/or seminars is allowed (including anatomy, histology and embryology) in one semester. The program of the lectures, seminars and practices are written in the English Program Bulletin. Rules of the examinations: Midterm examinations; Attendance in the midterm examinations (dates and topics are indicated in the English program Bulletin) is compulsory. The exams cover the topics of lectures, seminars and practices of the semester, and include relevant material from official textbooks. Three anatomy and two histology midterm examinations will be organized with the following topics: Anatomy 1: Gross and topographic anatomy of the head and neck. Anatomy 2: Gross and topographic anatomy including visceral relations of the organs of the thorax., abdomen, pelvis and perineum. Histology 1: Histology of the lip, tongue, salivary glands, teeth, lymphatic tissue, skin. Histology 2: Histology of the respiratory, digestive and the urogenital systems. Evaluation of the midterm examinations: Midterm examinations will be evaluated with points. The midterm examination is successful in case of 60% or better performance. In case of successful midterm examinations the student will be exempted from the corresponding parts of the final practical examination. Improvement of a failed midterm examination: Failed midterm examinations can be improved if the score of the failed midterm examination is between 40 and 59 %. With this restriction the following midterm examinations can be improved:
1. The first and second anatomy midterm examinations; on the week following the examination at the time of the regular anatomy practical.
2. The first histology midterm examination; on the 11th week (on Monday at 8 o'clock). Conversion of the successful midterm examination to grades for the end-semester final exam: The achievements on successful midterm examinations are converted to grades for the end-semester final exam on the basis of the following scheme of conversion: 60-69 %2 (pass) 70-79 %3 (satisfactory) 80-89 %4 (good) 90-100 %5 (excellent) Final examination at the end of the 1st semester: The final examination consists of a practical and a theoretical part. Practical examination: The exam is an oral examination conducted with the continuous aid of anatomical and histological preparations. The exam consists of the following parts:

1. Anatomy
a. Head and neck: (gross and topographic anatomy including visceral relations)
b. Visceral organs 1: (gross and topographic anatomy including visceral and skeletal relations of the organs of the thorax, abdomen)
c. Visceral organs 1: (gross and topographic anatomy including visceral and skeletal relations of the organs of pelvis and perineum)

2. Histology (2 slides)
a. Histology 1: Histology of the lip, tongue, salivary glands, teeth, lymphatic tissue, skin.
b. Histology 2: Histology of the respiratory, digestive and the urogenital system. The parts of the exam will be evaluated separately from each other. The exam is successful if the student pass all five parts successfully. On the "B" and "C" examinations the student will be exempted from the parts that have been successfully passed previously. Theoretical examination The exam is an oral examination. The topics of the examination are formulated in a way that student should present a synthetic knowledge from anatomy, histology and embryology. On the "B" and "C" examinations the entire examination has to be repeated. Calculation of the mark for the final examination To calculate the mark for the final examination the performance on both the practical and theoretical examinations will be taken into consideration. Registration for the examination: Students are supposed to register for the exam through the NEPTUN system.